Fasteners

Reliable Fasteners manufactures Fasteners like Hex Bolts, Allen Bolts, Machine Bolts, Lifting Bolts, Hex Screws, Socket Cap Screws, Grub Screws, Set Screws, Hex Nuts, Stud Bolts, Threaded Bars, Washer, Rings, Machined Components & Raw Bar Stock. We adapt a technical approach for every requirement. With integrated Team & Modern technology, we are able to entertain Client from all sector.

We propose both Cold Forged, Hot Forged & Bar Stock Fasteners with complete material compliance. Excelling exceptionally in Hot Forged & Bar Stock Fasteners, TorqBolt has rooted interest in Cold Forged range.

Products

AnchorScrews
BoltsSockets
NutsStuds
PinsWasher

We offer complete material range from Low Carbon Alloy Steel, High Tensile Structural & Weathering Steel to Stainless Steel, Dual Phase Duplex Steel, Super Duplex, High Nickel Alloys, Titanium,Copper & Copper Alloys, Marine Grades, High Temperature Alloys with complete compliance with relative Material & Dimensional Standards Compliance with ISO, DIN, EN, IS ,ASTM, ASME, NACE etc.

Types Of Bolts

In Petro and chemical industry for flange connections Stud Bolts and Hex Bolts are used. The Stud Bolt is a threaded rod with 2 heavy hexagon nuts, while the Hex Bolt has a head with one nut. Nuts and head are both six sided.

Stud Bolts General

The quantity of bolts for a flange connection will be given by the number of bolt holes in a flange, diameter and length of bolts is dependent of flange type and Pressure Class of flange.

Stud Bolt length are defined in ASME B16.5 standard. The length in inches is equal to the effective thread length measured parallel to the axis, from the first to the first thread without the chamfers (points). First thread is defined as the intersection of the major diameter of the thread with the base of the point.

Notes:

  • The length of metric Stud Bolts measured parallel to axis, is the distance from each Stud Bolt, including the point.
  • To allow the use of hydraulic tensioning equipment, larger dimension studs shall be often one diameter longer than “standard”. That bolts to have plastic end cap protection.

Threads Of Stud Bolts

Bolts threading are defined in ASME B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads, (UN and UNR Thread Form). The most common thread is a symmetrical form with a V-profile. The included angle is 60°. This form is widely used in the Unified thread (UN, UNC, UNF, UNRC, UNRF) form as the ISO / metric threads.
The advantage of a symmetrical threads is that they are easier to produce and inspect compared with non-symmetrical threads. These are typically used in general-purpose fasteners.
Thread series cover designations of diameter/pitch combinations that are measured by the number of threads per inch (TPI) applied to a single diameter.

Standard Thread Pitches

  • Coarse thread series (UNC/UNRC) is the most widely used thread system and applied in most of the screws, bolts and nuts. Coarse threads are used for threads in low strength materials such as iron, mild steel, copper and softer alloy, aluminium, etc.. The coarse thread is also more tolerant in adverse conditions and facilitate quick assembly.
  • Fine thread series (UNF/UNRF) is commonly used in precision applications and in there where require a higher tensile strength than the coarse thread series.
  • 8 – Thread series (8UN) is the specified thread forming method for several ASTM standards including A193 B7, A193 B8/B8M, and A320. This series is mostly used for diameters one inch and above.

Hex Nuts

Hex nuts (dimensional data) are defined in ASME B18.2.2, and even as bolts the threading in ASME B1.1. Depending on a customer specification, nuts must be both sites chamfered or with on one side a washer-face.

 

Dimensions of above mentioned nuts, can be found on page Heavy Hex Nuts of this website.
Note: the height of a nut for Stud Bolts are the same as the diameter of the thread rod.

Materials For Stud Bolts

Dimensions from Stud Bolts are defined in the ASME B16.5 standard. The material qualities for studs are defined in the different ASTM standards, and are indicated by Grade. Frequently used grades are A193 for thread rods and A194 for the nuts.

ASTM A193 covers alloy and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, Valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications.
ASTM A194 covers a variety of carbon, alloy, and martensitic and austenitic stainless steel nuts. These nuts are intended for high-pressure or high-temperature service, or both.

Below you will find as an example a table with materials and grades for flanges, thread rods (bolts) and nuts, arranged on design temperature, flanges, thread rods and recommended nuts.

DESIGN TEMP.FLG’SGRADE THREAD RODSGRADE NUTS
-195° to 102°CASTM A182 Gr. F304, F304L, F316, F316L, F321, F347A320 Gr.B8 Class2A194 Gr.8A
-101° to -47°CASTM A350 Gr.LF3A320 Gr.L7A194 Gr.7
-46° to -30°CASTM A350 Gr.LF2A320 Gr.L7A194 Gr.7
-29° to 427°CASTM A105A193 Gr.B7A194 Gr.2H
428° to 537°CASTM A182 Gr.F11, F22A193 Gr.B16A194 Gr.2H
538° to 648°CASTM A182 Gr.F11, F22A193 Gr.B8 Class1A194 Gr.8A
649° to 815°CASTM A182 Gr. F304H, F316HA193 Gr.B8 Class1A194 Gr.8A

Marking Of Stud Bolts

Thread rods and nuts must be marked by the manufacturer with a unique identifier to identify the manufacturer or private label distributor, as appropriate. Below a number of ASTM examples.

 

 

Method For Calculating Stud Bolt Lengths

The Stud Bolt Theoretical Length Can Be Calculated
By Means Of The Formula: L = 2 (S + N + H + Rf) + G

 

  • s = free threads (equals 1/3 time bolt diameter)
  • n = nut height (equals nominal bolt diameter)
  • h = flange (plate) thickness
  • rf = height of raised face
  • g = gasket thickness
 

Grades

Coating

Our range of industrial coating and finishes includes:

ZincPhosphate
Zinc ClearSheradized
Zinc and Yellow/BichromateZinga
Zinc NickelChemical Galvanising
Zinc ElectroplatingCadmium
PTFE (Xylan*)Chromium
NickelElectroless Nickel Plating
Cermaic Coating (Xylar)Magnigard
SermaguardManganese Phosphating
Hot Dip GalvanisingMolybdenum Disulphide
SilverEpoxy Coatings
Molykote 

Following types of coating are used for Fasteners

  • Electrolytic galvanizing
  • Hot-dip galvanizing
  • Mechanical galvanizing
  • Zinc phosphating
  • Magnesium phosphating
  • Cadmium plating
  • Zinc-Nickel anticorrosion treatment
  • Electroless Nickel plating
  • Electrolytic Nickel plating
  • Burnishing
  • Geomet
  • PTFE Teflon Xylan coating
  • Carbon-ceramic coatings (Xylar + Xylan)
    • Hot Dipped Galvanizing Fasteners
    • Phosphate Fasteners
    • Teflon Fasteners
    • Xylon Fasteners
    • Zinc Fasteners
    • Cadmium Fasteners

Surface Coating

Mirror BuffedHot Dipped GalvanizingEpoxy CoatingElectro PolishedPassivation
Teflon CoatingOxidizedZinc PlatingChrome Plating 

PTFE FLUOROCARBON

  • (PTFE) a FluoroPolymer that is corrosive chemical and heat resistance, and the world’s most slippery surface.

DACROMET COATING

  • DACROMET 320 is a an aluminium-grey, non-electrolytic, thin coating for anti-rust protection of steel, cast iron and other ferrous metal parts.

HOT DIP GALVANISING

  • Batch hot-dip galvanizing has been the most commonly used method of protecting steel products from corrosion.

NICKEL PLATING

  • Nickel plating (Ni) is used for decoration and corrosion protection of steel, copper, aluminium and magnesium, for smoothing out surfaces.

COBALT PLATING

  • Cobalt plating is the process of plating one metal onto another by hydrolysis, most commonly for decorative purposes or to prevent corrosion of a metal.

CADMIUM PLATING

  • Electroplated cadmium is a robust and versatile metallic coating. Cadmium is a soft white metal that, when plated onto steel, cast iron.
 

Application

 

COMMON USES FOR NICKEL ALLOY FASTENERS INCLUDE:

  • Food processing or food serving equipment
  • Marine and saltwater equipment
  • Pump and valve components
  • Equipment and components exposed to chemicals, acids and other corrosive materials
  • Exhaust systems, engine components and other high heat equipment.

We use the following exotic alloys:

  • Titanium – Used for power generation, marine and military components that require high tensile strength to weight ratios, corrosion resistance and perform well in high wear and high temperature environments.  These include frames, landing gear, hydraulic equipment, propeller rigging and heat exchangers.
  • Zirconium – Used for components used in high corrosion environments, including nuclear power plants, and high temperature parts for engines and turbines.
  • Tantalum – Used for furnace and heat processing components due to its high melting point and oxidation resistance.  It is bioinert and is also used for medical implant components.
  • Ferralium – Used for chemical and process equipment and manufacturing equipment components that require high corrosion and high abrasion resistance.
  • MP35N – Used for marine and processing equipment components requiring high strength, high wear and extremely high corrosion resistance.  These include saltwater and high acid applications.

COMMON USES FOR STAINLESS STEEL FASTENERS INCLUDE:

  • Components that are exposed to saltwater, chemicals or other corrosive environments
  • High wear parts
  • Sanitary equipment
  • Components that are exposed to high heat and high stress
  • Components that require superior strength and stability.

FASTENERS MANUFACTURED USING COPPER ALLOYS ARE USED FOR A WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS INCLUDING:

  • Electrical components
  • Components in marine and corrosive environments.
  • Sanitary and medical equipment
  • Processing equipment for high wear processes and corrosive environments
  • Decorative fasteners for architectural, plumbing and marine applications.
 

Technical Specification & Standerds for Fasteners

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Heat Treated Alloy Studs, Bolts, and Threaded Bars

Chemical Composition

Elements

A354 Grades BC, BD

A193 Grade B7

**See Note Below

Chromium-Molybdenum

Range percent

Check variation
over percent

Range percent

Check variation
over or under percent

Carbon

—

—

*0.38-0.48

0.02

Manganese

—

—

0.750-1.00

0.04

Phosphorus, max

0.04

0.005

0.04

0.005 over

Sulphur, max

0.04

0.005

0.04

0.005 over

Silicon

—

—

0.20-0.35

0.02

Chromium

—

—

0.80-1.10

0.05

Molybdenum

—

—

0.15-0.25

0.02

Elements

A193 Grade B16
Chromium-Molybdenum-Vanadium

Range percent

Check variationover or under percent

Carbon

0.36-0.44

0.02

Manganese

0.45-0.70

0.03

Phosphorus, max

0.04

0.005 over

Sulphur, max

0.04

0.005 over

Silicon

0.20-0.35

0.02

Chromium

0.80-1.15

0.05

Molybdenum

0.50-0.65

0.03

Vanadium

0.25-0.35

0.03

Elements

A320 Grade L7

A320 Grade L43

Chromium-Molybdenum
(AISI 4140, 4142, 4145)

Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum
(AISI 4340)

Range percent

Check variation
over percent

Range percent

Check variation
over or under percent

Carbon

*0.38-0.48

0.02

0.38-0.148

0.02

Manganese

0.75-1.00

0.04

0.60-0.85

0.03

Phosphorus, max

0.04

0.005 over

0.04

0.005 over

Sulphur, max

0.04

0.005 over

0.04

0.005 over

Silicon

0.20-0.35

0.02

0.20-0.35

0.02

Nickel

—

—

1.65-2.00

0.05

Chromium

0.80-1.10

0.05

0.70-1.90

0.03

Molybdenum

0.15-0.25

0.02

0.20-0.30

0.02

*For bar sizes over 3-1/2 in. to 4 in., inclusive, the carbon content may be 0.50 pct. max.
** Any alloy steel capable of meeting the tensile requirements of Specification A354 may be used.

Mechanical Composition

Grade

Diameter,
in.

Min
tempering
temp F

Tensile
strength
min psi

Yield
point
min psi

Elongation
in 2 in.
min pct

Reduction
of area
min pct

A354 Grade BC

{2-1/2 and under
{Over 2-1/2 to 4 incl.

850

125,000

109,000

16

50

A354 Grade BD

1-1/2 and under

850

115,000

99,000

16

45

A193 Grade B7
Chromium-
Molybdenum

{2-1/2 and under
{Over 2-1/2 to 4 incl.
{Over 4 to 7 incl.

850

150,000

125,000

14

35

A193 Grade B16
Chromium-
Molybdenum-
Vanadium

{2-1/2 and under
{Over 2-1/2 to 4 incl.
{Over 4 to 7 incl.

1100
1100
1100

125,000
115,000
100,000

105,000
95,000
75,000

16
16
18

50
50
50

A320 Grade L7
Chromium-
Molybdenum

2-1/2 and under

—

125,000

105,000

16

50

A320 Grade L43
Nickel-Chromium-
Molybdenum

4 and under

—

125,000

105,000

16

50

Commonly used are the following grades of heat-treated alloy steel for high-pressure or extreme temperature service in diameters of 1/2 in. to 2 in., inclusive. Other grades and other diameters are available on special order.
ASTM A354, Grades BC and BD – heat-treated alloy steels for applications at normal atmospheric temperatures where high strength is required.
ASTM A193, Grade B7 – a – heat-treated chromium-molybdenum steel widely used for medium high-temperature service.
ASTM A193, Grade B16 – a – heat-treated chromium-molybdenum-vanadium steel for high-pressure, high-temperature service.
ASTM A320, Grade L7 – This grade is intended for low-temperature service down to minus 150ºF and has a minimum Charpy impact value of 15 ft-lb at this temperature. Sizes 2-1/2 in. and under.
ASTM A320, Grade L43 – The same properties offered by Grade L7 in sizes up to 2-1/2 are obtainable up to 4 in. in Grade L43.